Get Free Help About Ship Terms And Chartering

Question: Describe about the Ship Chartering. Answer: Introduction The shipping industry involves an activity called chartering. This activity in its simplest form involves a rental agreement where a charterer contracts to rent a ship from the ship owner. Depending on the type of charter and the type of ship involved in the rental agreement, the standard contract is called the charter party which requires specific details about the rate, duration and the terms which are decided by the ship owner and the charterer. The time charter refers to renting a ship for a fixed period of time. The general trend of chartering involves renting a ship for a specific number of voyages; however a time charter is hired for a specified number of days or period (Wijnolst and Waals 2011). Types of chartering The activity of chartering can be of different types which involve different types of charters. Thus, there are five popular types of charter namely the voyage charter, time charter, contract of Affreightment, trip time charter and bareboat charter. The Voyage charter is the most popular and involves renting a ship along with its crew for a voyage which starts from a load port till the discharge port. Under the voyage charter, the charter usually reimburses the ship owner for his services on per ton or lumpsum basis. Time charter is referred to the activity of renting a vessel for a specific time, instead of specific number of voyages. Under the time charter, the vessel owner manages the ship while the charterer decides the destination and the number of ports where the ship stops. The additional costs like fuel, commission and port charges are borne by the charterer. Contract of Affreightment is a rental contract very similar to voyage charter however under contract of Affreightment; the vessel owner agrees to carry a specific number of cargoes for a specific period on a pre-determined route. Trip time charter is similar to a time charter however a trip time charter is for a shorter trip and for a specified route (Morgan 2013). Bareboat charter is a rental agreement to hire a vessel where the complete possession and control of the vessel is transferred to the charterer and he takes both financial and legal responsibility of the vessel (Hoff et al 2010). Salient Features of Time Charter As stated above, a time charter is referred to renting a vessel for a specific time. There are many features of a time charter, some of which are stated as follows:- It is the responsibility of the vessel owner to provide a seaworthy vessel along with an efficient crew and master for the vessel to safety reach its final destination The activity such as loading, packing and discharging of cargo safety is the responsibility of the charterer (Coghlin et al 2014). The charterer has the authority to give the master of the vessel instructions about where and when the cargo needs to be shipped (Lindstad, Asbjrnslett and Strmman 2011). Additional costs like fuel, commission and port cost are to be borne by the charterer. There are two very popular types of time charters namely the Baltime and the New York Product Exchange (NYPE). The first one is considered very favorable for the ship owners while the later one favors charterers. The responsibility of a ship owner in Time Charter Contracts The primary responsibility of a ship owner in Time Charter contracts is proper description of the ship. The said description is required to be detailed. Under the time charter, the charterer take commercial employment of the ship which requires him to have knowledge of the commercial value of the ship, thus, a detailed description of the ship including details of its construction helps the charterer upgrade his knowledge (Weixia and Lindenbaum 2016). The next responsibility of a ship owner under the time charter contracts is of delivery of the ship. Under time charter contracts, sometimes a port is specified for deliver and sometimes an area is mentioned, thus, delivery always does not conclude the way decided and is determined by the charterer on a later date. Thus, if the vessel arrives too early, the charter is not obliged to take delivery till lay day and if it arrives too late, the charterer can cancel the agreement (Branch 2012). Another responsibility of the ship owner under time charter contract is to deliver the ship to the charterer in a good condition and guarantee its seaworthiness. The ship should satisfy the terms of the contract signed between ship owner and the charterer. This responsibility extends to maintain the ship in good condition during voyage. The responsibility of the ship-owner does not extend to always keep the ship free from issues throughout voyage but has the obligation to take quick actions and remedy defects as soon as they are brought to notice. The charterer can sue the ship-owner if the ship is not delivery in every possible way fit for cargo services (Chenya 2011). Under the time charter contract, the ship-owner bears the risk of delays unless the time charter contract has an exemption clause, which can exempt the ship owner if he established that the delay was due to an event mentioned in the exemption clause (Jansson 2012). Off Hire Clause of NYPE-93 Under the time charter clause, the charterer is obliged to bear the risk of delay, which requires the charterer to pay the hire price for all the days the ship is delayed unless the contract has any express term decided on the said matter. Thus, in most time charter contracts a hire-off clause is incorporated which clearly specifies when a charterer is exempted from paying the prices agreed for hiring the vessel (Kamwetu 2013). There are two types of hire-off clauses generally used in time charter contracts namely the net loss of time clause and period clause. The New York Produce Exchange (NYPE) and the Baltime form consist of the net loss of time clause. This clause makes the charterer deduct from the hire he is entitled to pay only if a list of qualifies off-hire events have caused the charterer to suffer some real loss of time in the entire duration of the voyage. Thus, there is no off-hire clause, unless some time is genuinely loss. Thus, the charterer is only permitted to decla re that a ship is off-hire when services offered by the vessel are delayed or interrupted. For example, if ship is loading cargos despite having engine failure, there is no loss of time (Goulielmos and Psifia 2016). The New York Product Exchange (NYPE) 93 is a charter form which is widely used for dry cargo charter under the time charter contracts. The NYPE 93 was issued by the Association of Ship Brokers and Agents (U.S.A) on 6 November 1913. Since its formation, the NYPE 93 form has been amended several times with last amendments on September 1993. The NYPE 93 is highly used in the commercial shipping industry and is recommended by the Baltic and International Maritime Council (BIMCO) and The Federation of National Associations of Ship Brokers and Agents (FONASBA) (Grammenos and Papapostolou 2012). The NYPE 93 form is in a form of a contract between the vessel owner and the charterer defining the details of the contract which includes party names, description of the ship, duration and many other terms which are usually incorporated in a shipping cartel contract. One of the important terms of a time charter contract is the Off-Hire clause which is most of the times included in the time charter contract (Baughen 2012). Thus, the off hire clause in the NYPE 93 form protects and favors the charterer exempting him from paying hire charges for any time that is lost due a list of events which are not under the control or with no fault on part of the charterer. Events leading to off-hire and remedies available to a Time Charter The off-hire clause in the NYPE 93 form details out a list of many events that lead to off hire including events that create loss of time due to deficiency, strike or shortage officers, crew or the port, damages arising out of breakdown of fire, machinery or engine. Loss of time also includes time lost due to arrest or detention of the ship excluding arrest or detention which is a result of any fault on part of the charterer or his employees and servants or detention by accidents of vessel or cargo unless they result from an inherent defect in the vessel, its quality and durability, dry-docking or painting bottoms of the vessel which disturbs the entire working of the vessel or for any similar reasons which prohibits the vessel to function its duties and work efficiently. In case of any of occurrence of any of the above mentioned events, the charter is exempted from paying hire rates from the occurrence of any loss of time (Kirkaldy 2012). Conclusion Thus, the time charter contracts are a type of a rental contract which a vessel owner and a charterer enter into for a specific period of time. The responsibilities of the vessel owner and the charterer depend upon the terms of the contract along with the type of charter contract and the type of ship. Thus, under the time charter contracts, an exemption clause called off hire is usually incorporated to protect the interest of the charterer. This off hire clause exempts a charterer from paying hire costs to the ship owner from the moment time is lost during a voyage without ant fault on part of the charterer, his employees and servants. Thus, the off hire clause in the NYPE 93 is highly recommended to serve the best interest of the charterer. Reference List Baughen, S., 2012.Shipping law. Routledge. Branch, A.E., 2012.Economics of shipping practice and management. Springer Science Business Media. Chenya, L., 2011. The Analysis on Off-Hire Clause of the Time Charter.Journal of the Postgraduate of Zhongnan University of Economics and Law,5, p.028. Coghlin, T., Baker, A., Kenny, J., Kimball, J. and Belknap, T., 2014.Time charters. CRC Press. Goulielmos, A.M. and Psifia, M., 2016. Shipping finance: time to follow a new track?.Maritime Policy Management,33(3), pp.301-320. Grammenos, C.T. and Papapostolou, N.C., 2012. US shipping initial public offerings: Do prospectus and market information matter?.Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review,48(1), pp.276-295. Hoff, A., Andersson, H., Christiansen, M., Hasle, G. and Lkketangen, A., 2010. Industrial aspects and literature survey: Fleet composition and routing.Computers Operations Research,37(12), pp.2041-2061. Jansson, J., 2012.Liner shipping economics. Springer Science Business Media. Kamwetu, M., 2013. The Off Hire Clause; a case of Any Other Cause?. Kirkaldy, A.W., 2012.British Shipping, Its History, Organisation and Importance. BoDBooks on Demand. Lindstad, H., Asbjrnslett, B.E. and Strmman, A.H., 2011. Reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and cost by shipping at lower speeds.Energy Policy,39(6), pp.3456-3464. Morgan, M., 2013.Have recent off-hire, war risk and piracy clauses improved the position of time charterers by distributing the risk of delay caused by pirate attacks on their time chartered vessels more equitably as between owner and time charterer?(Doctoral dissertation, University of Cape Town). Weixia, G. and Lindenbaum, J.A., 2016. NYPE 93 Arbitration Clause: Where Ends the Open-End, The.J. Mar. L. Com.,37, p.245. Wijnolst, N. and Waals, F., 2011.Shipping industry structure. Delft University Press.

The Catacombs And Christian Persecutions Essays - Catacombs

The Catacombs and Christian Persecutions The Catacombs and Christian Persecutions The catacombs are the ancient underground cemeteries used by the Christians and the Jewish people in Rome. The Christian catacombs began in the second century and the hollowing out continued until the first half of the fifth century. In the beginning they were only burial places, but later they gathered to celebrate their funeral rites, and the anniversaries of the saints and of the dead. During the persecutions the catacombs were used as places of momentary refuge for the celebration of the Eucharist. After the persecutions they became real shrines of the saints and held centuries of relics of Christians from all over the empire. In the first century, the Roman Christians did not have their own cemeteries. If they owned land then they would bury their relatives there, if they didn't they had to bury them in common cemeteries, the Pagans were also buried here. That is why Saint Peter was buried in the great public necropolis (city of the dead) on Vatican Hill, it was available to everybody. Saint Paul was also buried along the Via Ostiense, a section of the catacombs. In the first half of the second century the Christians started burying their dead underground, this is a result of donations. That is how the catacombs were founded. Many of them began and developed around family tombs whose owners, newly converted Christians, did not reserve them to the members of the family. They did open them up to their fellow people, showing the faith. As time went on and room started to run out in the catacombs, the catacombs grew larger by gifts and by the purchase of new properties, sometimes by the Church itself. With the edict of Milan announced by the emperors Constantine and Licinius in February 313, the Christians were no longer persecuted. They were free to practice their faith, to have places of worship, to build churches both inside and outside the city, and to buy plots of land without fear of seizure. Although the Christians had their freedom to worship any religion, the catacombs continued as regular cemeteries until the beginning of the fifth century. This is when the Church returned to burying only above ground or in the basilicas dedicated to important saints. When the barbarians came down to Rome, they completely destroyed a lot of monuments and demolished many places, including the catacombs. Powerless towards the destruction, the Popes ordered to remove the relics of the saints to the city churches, for security reasons. When the transfer of the relics was completed the catacombs were no longer visited. They were totally abandoned, except for the tombs of Saint Sebastian, Saint Lawrence and of Saint Pancratius. Over the course of time, landslides, rock movement, and vegetation hid the entrances to the other catacombs. The very traces of their existence were lost. During the late Middle Ages they didn't even know where they were. The Christian religion developed rapidly in Rome and all over the world past the 1st century. This was because it was original and suitable for all mankind to believe in. It was also due to the testimony of fervour; this was that the Christians expressed brotherly love and charity to everybody. The Roman authorities were at first unconcerned about the new religion, but soon the people showed themselves hostile to the authorities because the Christians refused to worship the ancient pagan deities of Rome, and also the emperor. The Christians were accused of disloyalty to their fatherland, atheism, hatred towards mankind, and also hidden crimes such as incest, infanticide and ritual cannibalism. Because of this they were held responsible for all natural disasters such as plagues, floods, famines, etc. The Christian religion was proclaimed strange and unlawful by most that's why it was outlawed and persecuted. It was considered the most dangerous enemy of Rome. The first three centuries constitute the age of Saints, which ended in 313 with the edict of Milan. At this time the emperors Constantine and Licinius gave freedom to the Church. The persecutions were not always continuous and universal, nor equally cruel and bloody. Periods of persecution were followed by periods of relative peace. Christians faced persecution with courage, a very large percentage with heroism, but they did not submit to it without resistance. They defended themselves with great strength by defeating the accusations of those crimes as being false and groundless and by producing the contents of their faith. Bibliography 1.) Celebrating Sacraments Joseph Stoutzenberger 2.) Church and State in Early Christianity, ca. 30-600 Hugo Rahner Translated by Leo Donald Advise 3.) The Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity John McManners

The Internet Essays - Digital Technology, Media Technology

The Internet Essays - Digital Technology, Media Technology The Internet Science:Computers(:Internet) The Internet - By: Matt Garner The Internet, or net, is a vast network of computers that connects many of the world's businesses, institutions, and individuals. The Internet is composed of many parts, including the World Wide Web, FTP, IRC, Newsgroups, Gopher, WAIS, Archie, and of course Electronic Mail (Email). The Internet is mainly used for communication. Email is the most heavily used resource of the Internet- over 40 million email messages are sent through the Internet a day. The second most used resource, called the World Wide Web, or WWW, consists of pages of words, images, sounds, and video. The Internet is continuing to grow at 40% a year, with about 20 million users, mainly in USA, Canada, and Australia, but still many all over the world. You can do many things on the Internet, such as shop for just about anything, bank and manage money, watch and listen to live cable televison and radio broadcasts, talk to other users with voice like a telephone, conduct international meetings, and access all kinds of information on any subject imaginable. As mentioned earlier, the WWW consists of pages and pages of text, images, sounds, and video. Unlike pages in a book, there is no maximum size for a page, and there is HyperText Links. If you click on any one of these links, the computer will automatically go to the page specified by the link. The WWW is programmed in a computer language called Hyper Text Markup Language, or HTML. Searching the Web can be a difficult thing to do, or if you use a search engine, it can be really easy. Since so many new web pages are added to the Web a day, a very good index is hard to keep, and an alphabetical listing of millions of web pages would be almost impossible to navigate through. To help this problem, people developed search engines that search the Web for you. Some search engines, like Yahoo, search in a big web directory they have made of hundreds of thousands of web pages, that is organized like a phonebook. Other search engines, like Alta Vista, or Magellan, search in a list of Web pages it has created as it surfed the web all by it's self. People usually access the Internet through a computer using a device called a modem. Modems connect people to the net through telephone lines. Some companies, and the "heart" of the Internet, Use Fiber-Optic cables to connect. Fiber-Optic cabled are made of hair-thin strands of glass that carry information at the speed of light as pulses of light. Fiber-Optics are thousands of times faster than standard copper telephone lines. The Internet began in the 1960's. In 1962, the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the United States Department of Defense developed a network of computers called ARPAnet. At first, this network only connected military and government computer systems. The purpose was to make all information safe, so that in disaster or war, if one computer was destroyed, it's information would not be lost. In 1966, the ARPAnet was expanded to include universities and other institutions. One of the first universities to be added was Utah State University. Soon, large companies and corporations were added, too. By 1990, anyone with a computer, a modem, and Internet software could connect to the Internet. There are many things in the future of the net, including video conferencing, online virtual reality worlds, and faster Internet connections.

Life and Work of Leonora Carrington, Activist and Artist

Life and Work of Leonora Carrington, Activist and Artist Leonora Carrington (April 6, 1917–May 25, 2011) was an English artist, novelist, and activist. She was part of the Surrealist movement of the 1930s and, after moving to Mexico City as an adult, became a founding member of Mexicos women’s liberation movement. Fast Facts: Leonora Carrington Known For: Surrealist artist and writerBorn: April 6, 1917 in Clayton Green, Clayton-le-Woods, United KingdomDied: May 25, 2011 in Mexico City, MexicoSpouse(s): Renato Leduc, Emericko WeiszChildren: Gabriel Weisz, Pablo WeiszNotable Quote: I didnt have time to be anyones muse... I was too busy rebelling against my family and learning to be an artist. Early Life Leonora Carrington was born in 1917 in Clayton Green, Chorley, Lancashire, England, to an Irish mother married to a wealthy Irish textile manufacturer. In a family of four children, she was the only daughter, alongside her three brothers. Although she was educated by excellent governesses and sent to good schools, she was expelled from two different schools for rebellious misbehavior. Eventually, Carrington was sent abroad to Florence, Italy, where she studied at Mrs. Penroses Academy of Art. When Carrington was ten, she first encountered Surrealist art in a gallery in Paris, which cemented her desire to pursue a career as an artist. Her father strongly disapproved, but her mother supported her. Although she was presented at court when she came of age, Carrington was mostly disinterested in the niceties of society. Newcomer to the Art World In 1935, Carrington attended the Chelsea School of Art in London for one year, but she then transferred to London’s Ozenfant Academy of Fine Arts (established by the French modernist Amà ©dà ©e Ozenfant), where she spent the next three years studying her craft. Her family was not openly opposed to her artistic pursuits, but by this point, they were not actively encouraging her either. Carringtons greatest champion and patron at this time was Edward James, the noted Surrealist poet and art patron. James bought many of her early paintings. Years later, he still supported her work, and he arranged a show for her work at  Pierre Matisses New York gallery in 1947. Relationship With Max Ernst At an exhibition in London in 1936, Carrington encountered the work of Max Ernst, a German-born Surrealist who was 26 years her senior. Ernst and Carrington met at a London party the following year and quickly became inseparable, both artistically and romantically. When they moved to Paris together, Ernst left his wife and moved in with Carrington, making a home in the south of France. Together, they supported each other’s art and even made works of art, such as quirky animal sculptures, to decorate their shared home. It was during this period that Carrington painted her first clearly Surrealist work, Self-portrait  (also called  The Inn of the Dawn Horse). Carrington depicted herself in dreamy white clothes and with loose hair, with a prancing hyena in front of her a rocking horse flying around behind her. She also painted a portrait of Ernst in a similar style. When World War II began, Ernst (who was German) was immediately treated with hostility in France. He was soon arrested by French authorities as a hostile foreign national and was released only because of interventions of several well-connected French and American friends. Things only got worse when the Nazis invaded France; they arrested Ernst again and accused him of creating â€Å"degenerate† art. Ernst escaped and fled to America with the help of art patron Peggy Guggenheim- but he left Carrington behind. Ernst married Peggy Guggenheim in 1941, and although their marriage soon fell apart, he and Carrington never rekindled their relationship. Institutionalization and Escape Terrified and devastated, Carrington fled Paris and headed to Spain. Her mental and emotional state deteriorated, and ultimately her parents had Carrington institutionalized. Carrington was treated with electroshock therapy and strong drugs. Carrington later wrote about her horrific experiences in the mental institution, which also reportedly included assault, abuse, and unsanitary conditions, in a novel, Down Below. Eventually, Carrington was released to the care of a nurse and moved to Lisbon, Portugal. In Lisbon, Carrington escaped the nurse and sought sanctuary in the Mexican embassy. Renato Leduc, a Mexican ambassador and friend of Pablo Picasso, agreed to help get Carrington out of Europe. The pair entered a marriage of convenience so that her path would be smoother as a diplomat’s wife, and they were able to escape to Mexico. Aside from a few journeys north to the United States, Carrington would spend most of the rest of her life in Mexico. Art and Activism in Mexico Carrington and Leduc divorced quickly and quietly in 1943. Over the next couple of decades, Carrington spent time in New York City as well as in Mexico, interacting with the art world at large. Her work was unusual among the Surrealist community in that she did not use the works of Freud as a major influence. Instead, she utilized magical realism and the idea of alchemy, often drawing on her own life for inspiration and symbolism. Carrington also went against the grain with regards to the Surrealists’ approach to female sexuality: she painted as she experienced the world as a woman, rather than the male-gaze filtered depictions of many of her counterparts. In the 1970s, Leonora became a voice for the women’s liberation movement in Mexico City. She designed a poster, called Mujeres conciencia, for their movement. In many ways, her art tackled concepts of gender identity and feminism, making her an ideal fit to work with their cause. Her focus was psychological freedom, but her work was primarily towards political freedom for women (as a means to this ultimate goal); she also believed in creating cooperative efforts between the movements in North America and Mexico. While Carrington was living in Mexico, she met and married the Hungarian-born photographer Emerico Weisz. The couple had two sons: Gabriel and Pablo, the latter of whom followed in his mother’s footsteps as a Surrealist artist. Death and Legacy Carringtons husband Emerico Weisz died in 2007. She survived him by about four years. After a battle with pneumonia, Carrington died in Mexico City on May 25, 2011, aged 94. Her work continues to be shown at exhibitions across the world, from Mexico to New York to her native Britain. In 2013, Carringtons work had a major retrospective at the Irish Museum of Modern Art in Dublin, and in 2015, a Google Doodle commemorated what would have been her 98th birthday. By the time of her death, Leonora Carrington was one of the last-surviving Surrealist artists, and undoubtedly one of the most unique. Sources Aberth, Susan. Leonora Carrington: Surrealism, Alchemy and Art. Lund Humphries, 2010.Blumberg, Naomi. â€Å"Leonora Carrington: English-Born Mexican Painter and Sculptor.† Encyclopaedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leonora-Carrington.â€Å"Leonora Carrington.† National Museum of Women in the Arts, https://nmwa.org/explore/artist-profiles/leonora-carrington.

Market Research and Analysis Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Market and Analysis - Research Proposal Example The paper will define the threats and opportunities within the company through the service quality that is offered. These will be combined with different components which can be used to assist with the growth and development of the company. Through this research, it was defined that restructuring the organizational environment to fit the needs of consumers in different regions will help to set the company apart from the continuously changing trends while allowing the company to continue to grow into a different level of recognition within the community. The competition that is within the oil, gas and petroleum market is one which continue to fluctuate according to the needs of consumers and the approach which is taken with those who are demanding different formats for the gas that is consumed. A gas station that is known in the UK for carrying a specific reputation among consumers is Tesco. Tesco gas stations in the UK are known for the main mission of the company, which is based on offering convenience of gas at a lower price. This is combined with the smaller convenience stores that are inside of the station and which have created a different approach to the gas that is offered. The approach which Tesco is using is based on having diverse payment alternatives, such as using fuel and club cards and saving objectives that are available for the petrol. This is combined with concepts such as premium petrol and other alternatives to offer different forms of quality with the gas that is available (Tesco, 2011). Despite the main components of Tesco, there is a sense of difficulty with remaining ahead because of the service quality that is provided by the company. Even though Tesco is able to provide competitive prices and convenience stores, there is a question of the service quality on a variety of levels. This is based on the level of

Riordan Corporate Compliance Plan Research Paper

Riordan Corporate Compliance Plan - Research Paper Example The company has grown in operation and thus, its growth comes with many risks and liabilities (eCampus, 2005). This is because with the expansion, it will increase its capital base, resource base, and customer base. Location in different regions around the world such as China also implies that the company will be faced with different international rules and regulations that it will have to comply with. Therefore, with all these risks, the company requires a concrete risk management plan that can be used to ensure that any perils and hazards facing the employees and management of the organization are well handled. Risk management in the organization will require involvement of a number of persons in the organization (Hopkin,  2010). This implies that the internal environment of the organization will have to be keenly assessed in order to identify the major areas that can lead to risks in the company (COSO, 2004). The objects that have been set in the company will also be keenly asse d in order to identify ways in which the risks might lead to failure of achieving the set objectives. In addition, both internal and external events that might lead to occurrence of the risks in the company will also have to be identified. Once such events have been identified, the risks will then be assessed and analyzed. Policies and control actions will also be identified in order to find the effective risk responses. Information will also be very important in the risk management plan. This is because; information will be used to learn more about the risks and ways of managing them. On the other hand, information has to be accompanied by communication. Once the relevant information about the risks has been identified, it has to be effectively communicated to the rest of the employees. In addition, Riordan Manufacturing will have to establish clear communication in order to ensure effective risk management (COSO, 2004). For instance, in the case of enterprise liability, the compan y has to ensure effective relationships with the community, in order to ensure that it minimizes its liability. After effective communication has been identified, the company will then have to monitor different sections of its operation that will require change or modification in order to ensure proper risk management (COSO, 2004). Enterprise Liability Enterprise liability refers to the responsibility that the organization has to its actions towards the public. The enterprise liability of Riordan Company involves many individuals such as the authorities responsible, the society, the employees and the management of the organization. Riordan Manufacturing is liable for a number of issues resulting from its operations (eCampus, 2005). For instance, the company is liable for any kind of pollution that it causes to the public. Since Riordan Manufacturing is a Company dealing with plastics, it might cause pollution to the environment through the gases that it emits. Therefore, this might cause a risk to the company’s operations since; higher authorities dealing with environmental conservation could sue the company. This is a risk that can only be managed by ensuring that the management of the organization communicates to the employees effectively about applying the right production methods. Employees in the company could also be trained on how to recycle waste products produced by the company (Hopkin,

Solution of Ms-95 Assignment Dec 2011 Essay Example for Free

Solution of Ms-95 Assignment Dec 2011 Essay Course Title:Research Methodology for Management Decisions Assignment Code:MS-95/SEM II /2011 Coverage:All Blocks Note : Answer all the questions and submit this assignment on or before 31st October 2011, to the coordinator of your study center. 1. Under the circumstances stratified random sampling design is considered appropriate? How would you select such sample? Explain by means of an example. 2. â€Å"Experimental method of research is not suitable in management field. † Discuss, what are the problems in the introduction of this research design in business organisation? 3. What is the meaning of measurement in research? What difference does it make whether we measure in terms of a nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio scale? 4. â€Å"Interpretation is a fundamental component of research Process†. Explain. Why so? Describe the precautions that the researcher should take while interpreting his findings. 5. Write shot notes on a) Criterion of good research. b) Dependent and Independent variable. c) Casestudy method. d) Components of a Research Problem. 1. Under the circumstances stratified random sampling design is considered appropriate? How would you select such sample? Explain by means of an example. Stratified sampling is commonly used probability method that is superior to random sampling because it reduces sampling error. A stratum is a subset of the population that share at least one common characteristic. Examples of stratums might be males and females, or managers and non-managers. The researcher first identifies the relevant stratums and their actual representation in the population. Random sampling is then used to select a sufficient number of subjects from each stratum. Sufficient refers to a sample size large enough for us to be reasonably confident that the stratum represents the population. Stratified sampling is often used when one or more of the stratums in the population have a low incidence relative to the other stratums. Stratified sampling strategies Proportionate allocation uses a sampling fraction in each of the strata that is proportional to that of the total population. If the population consists of 60% in the male stratum and 40% in the female stratum, then the relative size of the two samples (three males, two females) should reflect this proportion. Optimum allocation (or Disproportionate allocation) Each stratum is proportionate to the standard deviation of the distribution of the variable. Larger samples are taken in the strata with the greatest variability to generate the least possible sampling variance. A real-world example of using stratified sampling would be for a US political survey. If we wanted the respondents to reflect the diversity of the population of the United States, the researcher would specifically seek to include participants of various minority groups such as race or religion, based on their proportionality to the total population as mentioned above. A stratified survey could thus claim to be more representative of the US population than a survey of simple random sampling or systematic sampling. Similarly, if population density varies greatly within a region, stratified sampling will ensure that estimates can be made with equal accuracy in different parts of the region, and that comparisons of sub-regions can be made with equal statistical power. For example, in Ontario a survey taken throughout the province might use a larger sampling fraction in the less populated north, since the disparity in population between north and south is so great that a sampling fraction based on the provincial sample as a whole might result in the collection of only a handful of data from the north. Randomized stratification can also be used to improve population representativeness in a study. Advantages over other sampling methods †¢   Ã‚  focuses on important subpopulations and ignores irrelevant ones †¢   Ã‚  improves the accuracy of estimation †¢   Ã‚  efficient †¢   Ã‚  sampling equal numbers from strata varying widely in size may be used to equate the   Ã‚  statistical   power   of tests of differences between strata. Disadvantages †¢   Ã‚  can be difficult to select relevant stratification variables †¢   Ã‚  not useful when there are no homogeneous subgroups   Ã‚  can be expensive †¢   Ã‚  requires accurate information about the population, or introduces   Ã‚  bias. †¢   Ã‚  looks randomly within specific sub headings. =========================== There may often be factors which divide up the population into sub-populations (groups / strata) and we may expect the measurement of interest to vary among the di fferent sub-populations. This has to be accounted for when we select a sample from the population in order that we obtain a sample that is representative of the population. This is achieved by stratified sampling. A stratified sample is obtained by taking samples from each stratum or sub-group of a population. When we sample a population with several strata, we generally require that the proportion of each stratum in the sample should be the same as in the population. Stratified sampling techniques are generally used when the population is heterogeneous, or dissimilar, where certain homogeneous, or similar, sub-populations can be isolated (strata). Simple random sampling is most appropriate when the entire population from which the sample is taken is homogeneous.